Troubleshooting

This section contains tips to help you with some common challenges of IPsec VPNs.

A VPN connection has multiple stages that can be confirmed to ensure the connection is working properly. It is easiest to see if the final stage is successful first since if it is successful the other stages will be working properly. Otherwise, you will need to work back through the stages to see where the problem is located.

When a VPN connection is properly established, traffic will flow from one end to the other as if both ends were physically in the same place. If you can determine the connection is working properly then any problems are likely problems with your applications.

On some FortiGate units, such as the FortiGate 94D, you cannot ping over the IPsec tunnel without first setting a source-IP. In this scenario, you must assign an IP address to the virtual IPsec VPN interface. Anything sourced from the FortiGate going over the VPN will use this IP address.

If the egress/outgoing interface (determined by kernel route) has an IP address, then use the IP address of the egress/outgoing interface. Otherwise, use the IP address of the first interface from the interface list (that has an IP address).

The first diagnostic command worth running, in any IPsec VPN troubleshooting situation, is the following: diagnose vpn tunnel list

This command is very useful for gathering statistical data such as the number of packets encrypted versus decrypted, the number of bytes sent versus received, the SPI identifier, etc. This kind of information in the resulting output can make all the difference in determining the issue with the VPN.

Another appropriate diagnostic command worth trying is: diagnose debug flow

This command will inform you of any lack of firewall policy, lack of forwarding route, and of policy ordering issues.

Common IPsec VPN problems

The most common IPsec VPN issues are listed below. Please read thoroughly and note that, although the list is extensive, it is not exhaustive.

This section includes support for the following:

l Failed VPN connection attempts l Debug output table l The options to configure policy-based IPsec VPN are unavailable l The VPN tunnel goes down frequently l The pre-shared key does not match (PSK mismatch error) l The SA proposals do not match (SA proposal mismatch) l Pre-existing IPsec VPN tunnels need to be cleared l Other potential VPN issues

Failed VPN connection attempts

If your VPN fails to connect, check the following:

• Ensure that the pre-shared keys match exactly (see The pre-shared key does not match (PSK mismatch error) below).
• Ensure that both ends use the same P1 and P2 proposal settings (seeThe SA proposals do not match (SA proposal mismatch) below).
• Ensure that you have allowed inbound and outbound traffic for all necessary network services, especially if services such as DNS or DHCP are having problems. l Check that a static route has been configured properly to allow routing of VPN traffic.

If you are still unable to connect to the VPN tunnel, run the following diagnostic command in the CLI:

diagnose debug application ike -1 diagnose debug enable

The resulting output may indicate where the problem is occurring. When you are finished, disable the diagnostics by using the following command:

diagnose debug reset diagnose debug disable

View the table below for some assistance in analyzing the debug output.

Debug output table

Problem	Debug output	Common causes	Common solutions
Tunnel is not coming up	Error: negotiation failure	IPsec configuration mismatch	Check phase 1 and 2 settings
	Error: no SA proposal chosen	IPsec configuration mismatch	Check phase 1 and 2 settings
	FortiGate using the wrong VPN	Missing or wrong local ID	If there are more than one preshared key dial-up VPN with the same local gateway, use aggressive mode and different local IDs
	Error: connection expiring due to XAUTH failure	Wrong username, password, or user group	Check user credentials and user group configuration
	Error: peer has not completed XAUTH exchange	XAuth is disabled in the client	Fix the client’s XAuth configuration
Tunnel is bouncing	DPD packets lost	ISP issue	Check the ISP connection

Common IPsec VPN problems

Problem	Debug output	Common causes	Common solutions
Tunnel is up but traffic does not go through	Error: No matching IPsec selector, drop	Quick mode selector mismatch	Fix the quick mode selector
		NAT is enabled	Disable NAT in the firewall policy
	Traffic is not routed to the tunnel	Route or firewall policy misconfiguration	Route-based: traffic must be routed to IPsec virtual interface Policy-based: traffic must match a firewall policy with action set to IPSEC

The options to configure policy-based IPsec VPN are unavailable

Go to System > Feature Visibility. Select Show More and turn on Policy-based IPsec VPN.

The VPN tunnel goes down frequently

If your VPN tunnel goes down often, check the Phase 2 settings and either increase the Keylife value or enable Autokey Keep Alive.

The pre-shared key does not match (PSK mismatch error)

It is possible to identify a PSK mismatch using the following combination of CLI commands:

diag vpn ike log filter name <phase1-name> diag debug app ike -1 diag debug enable

This will provide you with clues as to any PSK or other proposal issues. If it is a PSK mismatch, you should see something similar to the following output:

ike 0:TRX:322: PSK auth failed: probable pre-shared key mismatch ike Negotiate SA Error:

The SA proposals do not match (SA proposal mismatch)

The most common problem with IPsec VPN tunnels is a mismatch between the proposals offered between each party. Without a match and proposal agreement, Phase 1 can never establish. Use the following command to show the proposals presented by both parties. diag debug app ike -1 diag debug enable

The resulting output should include something similar to the following, where blue represents the remote VPN device, and green represents the local FortiGate.

responder received SA_INIT msg incoming proposal:

proposal id = 1:

protocol = IKEv2: encapsulation = IKEv2/none type=ENCR, val=AES_CBC (key_len = 256)

Common IPsec VPN problems

type=INTEGR, val=AUTH_HMAC_SHA_96 type=PRF, val=PRF_HMAC_SHA type=DH_GROUP, val=1536.

proposal id = 2:

protocol = IKEv2: encapsulation = IKEv2/none type=ENCR, val=3DES_CBC

type=INTEGR, val=AUTH_HMAC_SHA_2_256_128 type=PRF, val=PRF_HMAC_SHA2_256 type=DH_GROUP, val=1536.

proposal id = 1:

protocol = IKEv2: encapsulation = IKEv2/none type=ENCR, val=AES_CBC (key_len = 128) type=INTEGR, val=AUTH_HMAC_SHA_96 type=PRF, val=PRF_HMAC_SHA type=DH_GROUP, val=1536.

Pre-existing IPsec VPN tunnels need to be cleared

Should you need to clear an IKE gateway, use the following commands:

diagnose vpn ike restart diagnose vpn ike gateway clear

Other potential VPN issues

• Ensure that your FortiGate unit is in NAT/Route mode, rather than Transparent.
• Check your NAT settings, enabling NAT traversal in the Phase 1 configuration while disabling NAT in the security policy. You might need to pin the PAT/NAT session table, or use some of kind of NAT-T keepalive to avoid the expiration of your PAT/NAT translation.
• Ensure that both ends of the VPN tunnel are using Main mode, unless multiple dial-up tunnels are being used.
• Remove any Phase 1 or Phase 2 configurations that are not in use. If a duplicate instance of the VPN tunnel appears on the IPsec Monitor, reboot your FortiGate unit to try and clear the entry.
• If you have multiple dial-up IPsec VPNs, ensure that the peer ID is configured properly on the FortiGate and that clients have specified the correct local ID. Furthermore, in circumstances where multiple remote dialup VPN tunnels exist, each tunnel must have a peer ID set.
• If you are using FortiClient, ensure that your version is compatible with the FortiGate firmware by reading the FortiOS Release Notes. l If you are using Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS), ensure that it is used on both peers. You can use the diagnose

vpn tunnel list command to troubleshoot this.

• Ensure that the Quick Mode selectors are correctly configured. If part of the setup currently uses firewall addresses or address groups, try changing it to either specify the IP addresses or use an expanded address range. This is especially useful if the remote endpoint is not a FortiGate device.
• If XAUTH is enabled, ensure that the settings are the same for both ends, and that the FortiGate unit is set to Enable as Server.
• Check IPsec VPN Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size. A 1500 byte MTU is going to exceed the overhead of the ESP-header, including the additional ip_header,etc. You can use the diagnose vpn tunnel list command to troubleshoot this.

Troubleshooting connection issues

• If your FortiGate unit is behind a NAT device, such as a router, configure port forwarding for UDP ports 500 and 4500.

Troubleshooting connection issues

The following section includes troubleshooting suggestions related to:

l LAN interface connection l Dialup connection l Troubleshooting VPN connections l Troubleshooting invalid ESP packets using Wireshark l Attempting hardware offloading beyond SHA1 l Check Phase 1 proposal settings l Check your routing l Try enabling XAuth

LAN interface connection

To confirm whether a VPN connection over LAN interfaces has been configured correctly, issue a ping or traceroute command on the network behind the FortiGate unit to test the connection to a computer on the remote network. If the connection is properly configured, a VPN tunnel will be established automatically when the first data packet destined for the remote network is intercepted by the FortiGate unit.

If the ping or traceroute fail, it indicates a connection problem between the two ends of the tunnel. This may or may not indicate problems with the VPN tunnel. You can confirm this by going to Monitor > IPsec Monitor where you will be able to see your connection. A green arrow means the tunnel is up and currently processing traffic. A red arrow means the tunnel is not processing traffic, and this VPN connection has a problem.

If the connection has problems, see Troubleshooting VPN connections on page 227.

Dialup connection

A dialup VPN connection has additional steps. To confirm that a VPN between a local network and a dialup client has been configured correctly, at the dialup client, issue a ping command to test the connection to the local network. The VPN tunnel initializes when the dialup client attempts to connect.

If the ping or traceroute fail, it indicates a connection problem between the two ends of the tunnel. This may or may not indicate problems with the VPN tunnel, or dialup client. As with the LAN connection, confirm the VPN tunnel is established by checking Monitor > IPsec Monitor.

Troubleshooting VPN connections

If you have determined that your VPN connection is not working properly through Troubleshooting on page 223, the next step is to verify that you have a phase2 connection.

If traffic is not passing through the FortiGate unit as you expect, ensure the traffic does not contain IPcomp packets (IP protocol 108, RFC 3173). FortiGate units do not allow IPcomp packets, they compress packet payload, preventing it from being scanned.

Testing Phase 1 and 2 connections is a bit more difficult than testing the working VPN. This is because they require diagnose CLI commands. These commands are typically used by Fortinet customer support to discover more information about your FortiGate unit and its current configuration.

Before you begin troubleshooting, you must:

• Configure FortiGate units on both ends for interface VPN l Record the information in your VPN Phase 1 and Phase 2 configurations – for our example here the remote IP

address is 10.11.101.10 and the names of the phases are Phase 1 and Phase 2

• Install a telnet or SSH client such as putty that allows logging of output l Ensure that the admin interface supports your chosen connection protocol so you can connect to your FortiGate unit admin interface.

For this example, default values were used unless stated otherwise.

Obtaining diagnose information for the VPN connection – CLI

1. Log into the CLI as admin with the output being logged to a file.
2. Stop any diagnose debug sessions that are currently running with the CLI command diagnose debug disable
3. Clear any existing log-filters by running

diagnose vpn ike log-filter clear

4. Set the log-filter to the IP address of the remote computer (10.11.101.10). This filters out all VPN connections except ones to the IP address we are concerned with. The command is diagnose vpn ike log-filter dst-addr4 10.11.101.10.
5. Set up the commands to output the VPN handshaking. The commands are:

diagnose debug app ike 255 diagnose debug enable

6. Have the remote FortiGate initiate the VPN connection in the web-based manager by going to VPN > IPsec Tunnels and selecting Bring up.

This makes the remote FortiGate the initiator and the local FortiGate becomes the responder. Establishing the connection in this manner means the local FortiGate will have its configuration information as well as the information the remote computer sends. Having both sets of information locally makes it easier to troubleshoot your VPN connection.

7. Watch the screen for output, and after roughly 15 seconds enter the following CLI command to stop the output.

diagnose debug disable

8. If needed, save the log file of this output to a file on your local computer. Saving the output to a file can make it easier to search for a particular phrase, and is useful for comparisons.

Troubleshooting a Phase 1 VPN connection

Using the output from Obtaining diagnose information for the VPN connection – CLI, search for the word proposal in the output. It may occur once indicating a successful connection, or it will occur two or more times for an unsuccessful connection — there will be one proposal listed for each end of the tunnel and each possible Troubleshooting connection issues

combination in their settings. For example if 10.11.101.10 selected both Diffie-Hellman Groups 1 and 5, that would be at least 2 proposals set.

A successful negotiation proposal will look similar to

IPsec SA connect 26 10.12.101.10->10.11.101.10:500 config found created connection: 0x2f55860 26 10.12.101.10->10.11.101.10:500 IPsec SA connect 26 10.12.101.10->10.11.101.10:500 negotiating no suitable ISAKMP SA, queuing quick-mode request and initiating ISAKMP SA negotiation initiator: main mode is sending 1st message…

cookie 3db6afe559e3df0f/0000000000000000 out [encryption]

sent IKE msg (ident-i1send): 10.12.101.10:500->10.11.101.10:500, len=264, id=3db6afe559e3df0f/0000000000000000

diaike 0: comes 10.12.101.1:500->10.11.101.1:500,ifindex=26….

Note the phrase “initiator: main mode is sending 1st message…” which shows you the

handshake between the ends of the tunnel is in progress. Initiator shows the remote unit is sending the first message.

Troubleshooting invalid ESP packets using Wireshark

The following section provides information to help debug an encryption key mismatch. The ESP packet invalid error is due to an encryption key mismatch after a VPN tunnel has been established. When an IPsec VPN tunnel is up, but traffic is not able to pass through the tunnel, Wireshark (or an equivalent program) can be used to determine whether there is an encryption mismatch. A mismatch could occur for many reasons, one of the most common is the instability of an ISP link (ADSL, Cable), or it could effectively be any device in the physical connection.

The following information is required to troubleshoot the problem.

• Take a packet sniffer trace on both FortiGates.
• Run the diag vpn tunnel list command a few times on both FortiGates when generating traffic that will pass through the tunnel.

In the following example, the error message was seen on the recipient FortiGate:

date=2010-12-28 time=18:19:35 devname=Kosad_VPN device_id=FG300B3910600118 log_ id=0101037132 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=critical vd=”root” msg=”IPsec ESP” action=”error” rem_ ip=180.87.33.2 loc_ip=121.133.8.18 rem_port=32528 loc_port=4500 out_intf=”port2″ cookies=”88d40f65d555ccaf/05464e20e4afc835″user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”fortinet_0″ status=esp_error error_num=Invalid ESP packet detected (HMAC validation failed). spi=c32b09f7 seq=00000012

This is the output of the command diag vpn tunnel list on the FortiGate:

inet ver=1 serial=2 192.168.1.205:4500->121.133.8.18:4500 lgwy=dyn tun=intf mode=auto bound_if=4 proxyid_num=1 child_num=0 refcnt=7 ilast=0 olast=0 stat: rxp=41 txp=56 rxb=4920 txb=3360 dpd: mode=active on=1 idle=5000ms retry=3 count=0 seqno=696 natt: mode=keepalive draft=32 interval=10 remote_port=4500 proxyid=P2_60C_Fortinet proto=0 sa=1 ref=2 auto_negotiate=0 serial=1 src:

0:182.40.101.0/255.255.255.0:0 dst: 0:100.100.100.0/255.255.255.0:0 connection issues

SA: ref=3 options=0000000d type=00 soft=0 mtu=1428 expire=1106 replaywin=0 seqno=15 life: type=01 bytes=0/0 timeout=1777/1800

dec: spi=29a26eb6 esp=3des key=24 bf25e69df90257f64c55dda4069f01834cd0382fe4866ff2 ah=sha1 key=20 38b2600170585d2dfa646caed5bc86d920aed7ff

enc: spi=c32b09f7 esp=3des key=24 0abd3c70032123c3369a6f225a385d30f0b2fb1cd9687ec8 ah=sha1 key=20 214d8e717306dffceec3760464b6e8edb436c6 This is the packet capture from the FortiGate:

How to verify if the original packet has been encrypted correctly

To verify, it is necessary to decrypt the ESP packet using Wireshark. Open the packet capture that is taken from initiator FortiGate using Wireshark. Go to Edit > Preferences, expand Protocol and look for ESP. Select “Attempt to detect/decode encrypted ESP payloads“, and fill in the information for the encryption algorithm and the keys. This information can be obtained from the output of the command diag vpn tunnel list.

If the packet was encrypted correctly using the correct key, then the decryption will be successful and it will be possible to see the original package as shown below:

Repeat the decryption process for the packet capture from the recipient firewall. If the decryption failed using the same key, the packet may be corrupted and the interface should then be checked for CRC or packet errors.

Attempting hardware offloading beyond SHA1

If you are trying to off-load VPN processing to a network processing unit (NPU), remember that only SHA1 authentication is supported. For high levels of authentication such as SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 hardware offloading is not an option—all VPN processing must be done in software—unless using an NP6 (although the NP4lite variation also supports SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512).

Enable/disable IPsec ASIC-offloading

Much like NPU-offload in IKE phase1 configuration, you can enable or disable the usage of ASIC hardware for IPsec Diffie-Hellman key exchange and IPsec ESP traffic. By default hardware offloading is used. For debugging purposes, sometimes it is best for all the traffic to be processed by software.

config sys global set ipsec-asic-offload [enable | disable] end

Check Phase 1 proposal settings

Ensure that both sides have at least one Phase 1 proposal in common. Otherwise they will not connect. If there are many proposals in the list, this will slow down the negotiating of Phase 1. If its too slow, the connection may timeout before completing. If this happens, try removing some of the unused proposals.

NPU offloading is supported when the local gateway is a loopback interface.

Check your routing

If routing is not properly configured with an entry for the remote end of the VPN tunnel, traffic will not flow properly. You may need static routes on both ends of the tunnel. If routing is the problem, the proposal will likely setup properly but no traffic will flow.

Try enabling XAuth

If one end of an attempted VPN tunnel is using XAuth and the other end is not, the connection attempt will fail. The log messages for the attempted connection will not mention XAuth is the reason, but when connections are failing it is a good idea to ensure both ends have the same XAuth settings. If you do not know the other end’s settings enable or disable XAuth on your end to see if that is the problem.

General troubleshooting tips

Most connection failures are due to a configuration mismatch between the FortiGate unit and the remote peer. In general, begin troubleshooting an IPsec VPN connection failure as follows:

1. Ping the remote network or client to verify whether the connection is up. See General troubleshooting tips on page 231.
2. Traceroute the remote network or client. If DNS is working, you can use domain names. Otherwise use IP addresses.
3. Check the routing behind the dialup client. Routing problems may be affecting DHCP. If this appears to be the case, configure a DHCP relay service to enable DHCP requests to be relayed to a DHCP server on or behind the FortiGate server.
4. Verify the configuration of the FortiGate unit and the remote peer. Check the following IPsec parameters: l The mode setting for ID protection (main or aggressive) on both VPN peers must be identical.
   • The authentication method (preshared keys or certificates) used by the client must be supported on the FortiGate unit and configured properly.
   • If preshared keys are being used for authentication purposes, both VPN peers must have identical preshared keys.
   • The remote client must have at least one set of Phase 1 encryption, authentication, and Diffie-Hellman settings that match corresponding settings on the FortiGate unit.
   • Both VPN peers must have the same NAT traversal setting (enabled or disabled).
   • The remote client must have at least one set of Phase 2 encryption and authentication algorithm settings that match the corresponding settings on the FortiGate unit.
   • If you are using manual keys to establish a tunnel, the Remote SPI setting on the FortiGate unit must be identical to the Local SPI setting on the remote peer, and vise versa.

 

5. To correct the problem, see the following table.

VPN troubleshooting tips

Configuration problem	Correction
Mode settings do not match.	Select complementary mode settings. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46.
Peer ID or certificate name of the remote peer or dialup client is not recognized by FortiGate VPN server.	Check Phase 1 configuration. Depending on the Remote Gateway and Authentication Method settings, you have a choice of options to authenticate FortiGate dialup clients or VPN peers by ID or certificate name (see Phase 1 parameters on page 46). If you are configuring authentication parameters for FortiClient dialup clients, refer to the Authenticating FortiClient Dialup Clients Technical Note.
Preshared keys do not match.	Reenter the preshared key. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46.
Phase 1 or Phase 2 key exchange proposals are mismatched.	Make sure that both VPN peers have at least one set of proposals in common for each phase. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46 and Phase 2 parameters on page 66.
NAT traversal settings are mismatched.	Select or clear both options as required. See Phase 1 parameters on page 46 and Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

A word about NAT devices

When a device with NAT capabilities is located between two VPN peers or a VPN peer and a dialup client, that device must be NAT traversal (NAT-T) compatible for encrypted traffic to pass through the NAT device. For more information, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46.

Troubleshooting L2TP and IPsec

This section describes some checks and tools you can use to resolve issues with L2TP-over-IPsec VPNs.

This section includes:

• Quick checks l Mac OS X and L2TP
• Setting up logging
• Using the FortiGate unit debug commands

Quick checks

The table below is a list of common L2TP over IPsec VPN problems and the possible solutions.

L2TP and

Problem	What to check
IPsec tunnel does not come up.	Check the logs to determine whether the failure is in Phase 1 or Phase 2. Check the settings, including encapsulation setting, which must be transport-mode. Check the user password. Confirm that the user is a member of the user group assigned to L2TP. On the Windows PC, check that the IPsec service is running and has not been disabled. See Troubleshooting L2TP and IPsec on page 232.
Tunnel connects, but there is no communication.	Did you create an ACCEPT security policy from the public network to the protected network for the L2TP clients? See Troubleshooting L2TP and IPsec on page 232.

Mac OS X and L2TP

FortiOS allows L2TP connections with empty AVP host names and therefore Mac OS X L2TP connections can connect to the FortiGate.

Prior to FortiOS 4.0 MR3, FortiOS refused L2TP connections with empty AVP host names in compliance with RFC 2661 and RFC 3931.

Setting up logging

L2TP logging must be enabled to record L2TP events. Alert email can be configured to report L2TP errors.

Configuring FortiGate logging for L2TP over IPsec

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Settings.
2. Select Event Log.
3. Select the VPN activity event check box.
4. Select Apply.

Viewing FortiGate logs

1. Go to Log & Report > VPN Events.
2. Select the Log location if required.
3. After each attempt to start the L2TP over IPsec VPN, select Refresh to view logged events.

Using the FortiGate unit debug commands

Viewing debug output for IKE and L2TP

1. Start an SSH or Telnet session to your FortiGate unit.
2. Enter the following CLI commands

L2TP and diagnose debug application ike -1 diagnose debug application l2tp -1 diagnose debug enable

3. Attempt to use the VPN and note the debug output in the SSH or Telnet session.
4. Enter the following command to reset debug settings to default:

diagnose debug reset

Using the packet sniffer

1. Start an SSH or Telnet session to your FortiGate unit.
2. Enter the following CLI command diagnose sniffer packet any icmp 4
3. Attempt to use the VPN and note the debug output.
4. Enter Ctrl-C to end sniffer operation.

Typical L2TP over IPsec session startup log entries – raw format

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037127 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”progress IPsec Phase 1″ action=”negotiate” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1″ status=success init=remote mode=main dir=outbound stage=1 role=responder result=OK

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037127 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”progress IPsec Phase 1″ action=”negotiate” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1″ status=success init=remote mode=main dir=outbound stage=2 role=responder result=OK

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037127 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”progress IPsec Phase 1″ action=”negotiate” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1″ status=success init=remote mode=main dir=inbound stage=3 role=responder result=DONE

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037127 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”progress IPsec Phase 1″ action=”negotiate” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1_0″ status=success init=remote mode=main dir=outbound stage=3 role=responder result=DONE

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037129 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”progress IPsec Phase 2″ action=”negotiate” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1_0″ status=success init=remote mode=quick dir=outbound stage=1 role=responder result=OK

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037133 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”install IPsec SA” action=”install_sa” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1_0″ role=responder in_spi=61100fe2 out_spi=bd70fca1

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037139 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”IPsec Phase 2 status change” action=”phase2-up” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1_0″ phase2_name=dialup_p2

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037138 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”IPsec connection status change” action=”tunnel-up” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_ user=”N/A” xauth_group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1_0″ tunnel_ip=172.20.120.151 tunnel_id=1552003005 tunnel_type=ipsec duration=0 sent=0 rcvd=0 next_stat=0 tunnel=dialup_p1_0

GRE over

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037129 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”progress IPsec Phase 2″ action=”negotiate” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1_0″ status=success init=remote mode=quick dir=inbound stage=2 role=responder result=DONE

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0101037122 type=event subtype=ipsec pri=notice vd=”root” msg=”negotiate IPsec Phase 2″ action=”negotiate” rem_ip=172.20.120.151 loc_ip=172.20.120.141 rem_port=500 loc_port=500 out_ intf=”port1″ cookies=”5f6da1c0e4bbf680/d6a1009eb1dde780″ user=”N/A” group=”N/A” xauth_user=”N/A” xauth_ group=”N/A” vpn_tunnel=”dialup_p1_0″ status=success role=responder esp_transform=ESP_3DES esp_auth=HMAC_ SHA1

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0103031008 type=event subtype=ppp vd=root pri=information action=connect status=success msg=”Client 172.20.120.151 control connection started (id 805), assigned ip 192.168.0.50″

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0103029013 type=event subtype=ppp vd=root pri=notice pppd is started

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0103029002 type=event subtype=ppp vd=root pri=notice user=”user1″ local=172.20.120.141 remote=172.20.120.151 assigned=192.168.0.50 action=auth_success msg=”User ‘user1’ using l2tp with authentication protocol MSCHAP_V2, succeeded”

2010-01-11 16:39:58 log_id=0103031101 type=event subtype=ppp vd=root pri=information action=tunnel-up tunnel_id=1645784497 tunnel_type=l2tp remote_ip=172.20.120.151 tunnel_ip=192.168.0.50 user=”user1″ group=”L2TPusers” msg=”L2TP tunnel established”

Troubleshooting GRE over IPsec

This section describes some checks and tools you can use to resolve issues with the GRE-over-IPsec VPN.

Quick checks

Here is a list of common problems and what to verify.

Problem	What to check
No communication with remote network.	Use the execute ping command to ping the Cisco device public interface. Use the FortiGate VPN Monitor page to see whether the IPsec tunnel is up or can be brought up.
IPsec tunnel does not come up.	Check the logs to determine whether the failure is in Phase 1 or Phase 2. Check that the encryption and authentication settings match those on the Cisco device. Check the encapsulation setting: tunnel-mode or transport-mode. Both devices must use the same mode.
Tunnel connects, but there is no communication.	Check the security policies. See Troubleshooting GRE over IPsec on page 235. Check routing. See Troubleshooting GRE over IPsec on page 235.

Setting up logging

Configuring FortiGate logging for IPsec

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Settings.
2. Select the Event Logging.
3. Select VPN activity event.
4. Select Apply.

Viewing FortiGate logs

1. Go to Log & Report > VPN Events.
2. Select the log storage type.
3. Select Refresh to view any logged events.

GRE tunnel keepalives

In the event that each GRE tunnel endpoint has keepalive enabled, firewall policies allowing GRE are required in both directions. The policy should be configured as follows (where the IP addresses and interface names are for example purposes only):

config firewall policy edit < id >

set srcintf “gre” set dstintf “port1” set srcaddr “1.1.1.1” set dstaddr “2.2.2.2” set action accept set schedule “always” set service “GRE”

next

end

Cisco compatible keep-alive support for GRE

The FortiGate can send a GRE keepalive response to a Cisco device to detect a GRE tunnel. If it fails, it will remove any routes over the GRE interface.

Configuring keepalive query – CLI:

config system gre-tunnel edit <id> set keepalive-interval <value: 0-32767> set keepalive-failtimes <value: 1-255>

next

end

GRE tunnel with multicast traffic

If you want multicast traffic to traverse the GRE tunnel, you need to configure a multicast policy as well as enable multicast forwarding.

GRE over

• To configure a multicast policy, use the config firewall multicast-policy
• To enable multicast forwarding, use the following commands:

config system settings set multicast-forward enable

end

Using diagnostic commands

There are some diagnostic commands that can provide useful information. When using diagnostic commands, it is best practice that you connect to the CLI using a terminal program, such as puTTY, that allows you to save output to a file. This will allow you to review the data later on at your own speed without worry about missed data as the diag output scrolls by.

Using the packet sniffer – CLI:

1. Enter the following CLI command:

diag sniff packet any icmp 4

2. Ping an address on the network behind the FortiGate unit from the network behind the Cisco router.

The output will show packets coming in from the GRE interface going out of the interface that connects to the protected network (LAN) and vice versa. For example:

114.124303 gre1 in 10.0.1.2 -> 10.11.101.10: icmp: echo request

114.124367 port2 out 10.0.1.2 -> 10.11.101.10: icmp: echo request

114.124466 port2 in 10.11.101.10 -> 10.0.1.2: icmp: echo reply

114.124476 gre1 out 10.11.101.10 -> 10.0.1.2: icmp: echo reply

3. Enter CTRL-C to stop the sniffer.

Viewing debug output for IKE – CLI:

1. Enter the following CLI commands diagnose debug application ike -1 diagnose debug enable
2. Attempt to use the VPN or set up the VPN tunnel and note the debug output.
3. Enter CTRL-C to stop the debug output.
4. Enter the following command to reset debug settings to default:

diagnose debug reset

Logging and monitoring

This section provides some general logging and monitoring procedures for VPNs.

The following topics are included in this section:

Monitoring VPN connections

VPN event logs

Monitoring VPN connections

You can use the monitor to view activity on IPsec VPN tunnels and to start or stop those tunnels. The display provides a list of addresses, proxy IDs, and timeout information for all active tunnels.

Monitoring connections to remote peers

The list of tunnels provides information about VPN connections to remote peers that have static IP addresses or domain names. You can use this list to view status and IP addressing information for each tunnel configuration. You can also start and stop individual tunnels from the list.

To view the list of static-IP and dynamic-DNS tunnels go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor.

Monitoring dialup IPsec connections

The list of dialup tunnels provides information about the status of tunnels that have been established for dialup clients. The list displays the IP addresses of dialup clients and the names of all active tunnels. The number of tunnels shown in the list can change as dialup clients connect and disconnect.

To view the list of dialup tunnels go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor.

If you take down an active tunnel while a dialup client such as FortiClient is still connected, FortiClient will continue to show the tunnel connected and idle. The dialup client must disconnect before another tunnel can be initiated.

The list of dialup tunnels displays the following statistics:

• The Name column displays the name of the tunnel.
• The meaning of the value in the Remote gateway column changes, depending on the configuration of the network at the far end:
• When a FortiClient dialup client establishes a tunnel, the Remote gateway column displays either the public IP address and UDP port of the remote host device (on which the FortiClient Endpoint Security application is installed), or if a NAT device exists in front of the remote host, the Remote gateway column displays the public IP address and UDP port of the remote host. l When a FortiGate dialup client establishes a tunnel, the Remote gateway column displays the public IP address and UDP port of the FortiGate dialup client.
• The Username column displays the peer ID, certificate name, or XAuth user name of the dialup client (if a peer ID, certificate name, or XAuth user name was assigned to the dialup client for authentication purposes).
• The Timeout column displays the time before the next key exchange. The time is calculated by subtracting the time elapsed since the last key exchange from the keylife.
• The Proxy ID Source column displays the IP addresses of the hosts, servers, or private networks behind the FortiGate unit. A network range may be displayed if the source address in the security encryption policy was expressed as a range of IP addresses.
• The meaning of the value in the Proxy ID Destination column changes, depending on the configuration of the network at the far end: l When a FortiClient dialup client establishes a tunnel:
• If VIP addresses are not used and the remote host connects to the Internet directly, the Proxy ID Destination field displays the public IP address of the Network Interface Card (NIC) in the remote host.
• If VIP addresses are not used and the remote host is behind a NAT device, the Proxy ID Destination field displays the private IP address of the NIC in the remote host.
• If VIP addresses were configured (manually or through FortiGate DHCP relay), the Proxy ID Destination field displays either the VIP address belonging to a FortiClient dialup client, or a subnet address from which VIP addresses were assigned. l When a FortiGate dialup client establishes a tunnel, the Proxy ID Destination field displays the IP address of the remote private network.

VPN event logs

You can configure the FortiGate unit to log VPN events. For IPsec VPNs, Phase 1 and Phase 2 authentication and encryption events are logged. For information about how to interpret log messages, see the FortiGate Log Message Reference.

Logging VPN events

1. Go to Log & Report > Log Settings.
2. Verify that the VPN activity event option is selected.
3. Select Apply.

Viewing event logs

1. Go to Log & Report > VPN Events.
2. Select the Log location.

Sending tunnel statistics to FortiAnalyzer

By default, logged events include tunnel-up and tunnel-down status events. Other events, by default, will appear in the FortiAnalyzer report as “No Data Available”. More accurate results require logs with action=tunnelstats, which is used in generating reports on the FortiAnalyzer (rather than the tunnel-up and tunnel-down event logs). The FortiGate does not, by default, send tunnel-stats information.

To allow VPN tunnel-stats to be sent to FortiAnalyzer, configure the FortiGate unit as follows using the CLI:

config system settings set vpn-stats-log ipsec ssl set vpn-stats-period 300 end

IPsec Auto-Discovery VPN (ADVPN)

Consider a company that wants to provide direct secure (IPsec) connections between all of its offices in New York, Chicago, Greenwich, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Shanghai, and Hong Kong.

A straightforward solution is to create a full mesh of connections such that every site has eight IPsec configurations, one for each of the other sites. If there were ninety sites, that could still be done but now the configuration is becoming tedious, since every time a new site is added, N-1 other sites have to have their configuration updated.

An efficient and secure alternative is IPsec Auto-Discovery VPN (ADVPN), which allows a minimum amount of configuration per site but still allows direct IPsec connections to be made between every site. RFC 7018 essentially describes this problem, along with some requirements for candidate solutions.

The ADVPN solution involves partitioning the sites into spokes and hubs such that a spoke has to have enough IPsec configuration to enable it to connect to at least one hub. A hub does not have specific configuration for each spoke, so the amount of configuration does not grow with the number of spokes that are connected to that hub. A hub to hub connection would typically involve both hubs having configuration for each other.

So, one possible partition for the original nine sites would be that Chicago and Greenwich would be spokes for the New York hub, Paris and Frankfurt would be spokes for the London hub, and Tokyo and Hong Kong would be spokes for the Shanghai hub:

Once a spoke has established a connection to its hub then initially IPsec traffic to another site transits via one or more hubs. For example, traffic from Chicago to Hong Kong would transit via the New York and Shanghai hubs.

This transit traffic then triggers an attempt to create a more direct connection.

In FortiOS:

l Direct connections are only created between the two endpoints that want to exchange traffic (e.g. Chicago and Hong Kong); we do not create intermediate connections (say Chicago to Shanghai, or New York to Hong Kong) as a side-effect. l Learning the peer subnets is done via a dynamic routing protocol running over the IPsec connections. l Negotiation of the direct connections is done via IKE. l Both PSK and certificate authentication is supported.

Example ADVPN configuration

Since dynamic routing with IPsec under FortiOS requires that an interface have an IP address, then for every site a unique IP address from some unused range is allocated. For example we’ll assume that 10.100.0.0/16 is unused and so assign the IP addresses:

l Chicago 10.100.0.4 l Greenwich 10.100.0.5 l New York 10.100.0.1

l London 10.100.0.2 l Shanghai 10.100.0.3 l Paris 10.100.0.6

l Frankfurt 10.100.0.7 l Hong Kong 10.100.0.8 l Tokyo 10.100.0.9

We’ll assume that each site has one or more subnets that it protects that it wants to make available to the peers. For the purposes of exposition we’ll assume there is only one subnet per site and they are allocated as:

l Chicago 10.0.4.0/16 l Greenwich 10.0.5.0/24 l New York 10.0.1.0/24

l London 10.0.2.0/24 l Shanghai 10.0.3.0/24 l Paris 10.0.6.0/24

l Frankfurt 10.0.7.0/24 l Hong Kong 10.0.8.0/24 l Tokyo 10.0.9.0/24

The configuraton in Chicago would be as follows:

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit “New York” set type static set interface wan1

set remote-gw <New-York-IP-address> set psk <New-York-PSK> set auto-discovery-receiver enable

next

end

The attribute auto-discovery-receiver indicates that this IPsec tunnel wishes to participate in an autodiscovery VPN. The IPsec interface would then have its IP assigned according to the Chicago address:

config system interface edit “New York” set ip 10.100.0.4/32 set remote-ip 10.100.0.1

next

end

RIP (for simplicity, you could use OSPF or BGP) is then configured to run on the IPsec interface and on the Chicago subnet (you could use redistribute connected, but we’ll allow for the fact that there may be other subnets learned from another router on the 10.0.4.0/24 subnet):

config router rip

edit 1 set prefix 10.100.0.0/16

next edit 2 set prefix 10.0.4.0/24

next

end

Other than the firewall policy and a minimal phase 2 configuration, this concludes the configuration for Chicago.

Each spoke would have a similar configuration.

The New York hub would have a dynamic phase 1 for its spoke connections, and two static phase 1s for its connections to the other hubs:

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit “Spokes” set type dynamic set interface wan1 set psk <New-York-PSK> set auto-discovery-sender enable set auto-discovery-psk enable set add-route disable

next edit “London” set type static set interface wan1 set psk <New-York-London-PSK> set auto-discovery-forwarder enable

next edit “Shanghai” set type static set interface wan1 set psk <New-York-Shanghai-PSK> set auto-discovery-forwarder enable

next

end

The ‘Spokes’ connection has set auto-discovery-sender enable to indicate that when IPsec traffic transits the hub it should optionally generate a message to the initiator of the traffic to indicate that it could perhaps establish a more direct connection. The set add-route disable ensures that IKE does not automatically add a route back over the spoke and instead leaves routing to a separately configured routing protocol.

The two inter-hub connections have set auto-discovery-forwarder enable to indicate that these connections can participate in the auto-discovery process. The interface IP addresses are assigned:

config system interface edit “Spokes” set ip 10.100.0.1/32 set remote-ip 10.100.0.254

next edit “London” set ip 10.100.0.1/32 set remote-ip 10.100.0.2

next edit “Shanghai” set ip 10.100.0.1/32

set remote-ip 10.100.0.3

next

end

Following this, RIP is enabled on the relevant interfaces: config router rip edit 1 set prefix 10.100.0.0/16

next edit 2 set prefix 10.0.1.0/24

next

end

A similar configuration would be used on the other two hubs.

Traffic flow and tunnel connection

With the configuration in place at all spokes and hubs, assuming all the spokes are connected to a hub, then Chicago would learn (via RIP) that the route to the Hong Kong subnet 10.0.8.0/24 is via its “New York” interface. If a device on the Chicago protected subnet (say 10.0.4.45) attempted to send traffic to the Hong Kong protected subnet (say 10.0.8.13) then it should flow over the New York interface to New York, which should then transmit it over the Shanghai tunnel to Shanghai, which should then send it over the dynamically negotiated Hong Kong tunnel to Hong Kong.

At the point when the traffic transits New York it should notice that the Chicago Spoke tunnel and the Shanghai tunnel have auto-discovery enabled, causing the New York hub to send a message via IKE to Chicago informing it that it may want to try and negotiate a direct connection for traffic from 10.0.4.45 to 10.0.8.13.

On receipt of this message, IKE on Chicago creates the (FortiOS-specific) IKE INFORMATIONAL SHORTCUTQUERY message which contains the Chicago public IP address, the source IP of the traffic (10.0.4.45), the desired destination IP (10.0.8.13), and the PSK that should be used to secure any direct tunnel (if certificates are confgured, it is assumed that they all share the same CA and so no additional authentication information is required). This message is sent via IKE to New York since routing indicates that New York is the best route to 10.0.8.13.

On receipt of the IKE INFORMATIONAL query, New York checks its routing table to see who owns 10.0.8.13. It finds that 10.0.8.13 should be routed via Shanghai, and since Shanghai is marked as an auto-discovery-forwarder then the query is forwarded.

Shanghai repeats the process, finds that 10.0.8.13 should be routed via its Hong Kong Spoke and so sends it to Hong Kong. Hong Kong checks 10.0.8.13, finds that it owns the subnet, so it remembers the Chicago public IP address (and PSK) and creates an IKE INFORMATIONAL reply message containing its external IP address. To work out where to send the IKE message, the FortiGate does a routing lookup for the original source IP (10.0.4.45), determines that the message should be routed via its Shanghai tunnel and so sends the reply back to Shanghai. The reply then makes its way back to Chicago following the reverse of the path that it used to arrive at Hong Kong.

When the reply makes it back to the Chicago initator then it now knows the IP address of the Hong Kong device. Chicago now creates a new dynamic tunnel with the remote gateway as the Hong Kong public IP address and initiates an IKE negotiation (the dynamic tunnel nameis auto-generated from the tunnel over which it performed the query; in this case it would be called ‘New York_0’).

This negotiation should succeed since Hong Kong is set up to expect an attempted negotiation from the Chicago public IP address. Once the negotiation succeeds, RIP will start to run on the newly created tunnels at Chicago and Hong Kong. This will update the routing on Chicago (and Hong Kong) so that the prefered route to 10.0.8.0 (10.0.4.0) is via the newly created tunnel rather than via the connection to New York (Shanghai).

Notes about ADVPN in FortiOS

• Auto-discovery is only supported by IKEv1.
• All Spokes must have an IP address that is routable from any other spoke; devices behind NAT are not currently supported.
• The feature requires the use of a dynamic routing protocol. There is no support for IKE handling routing.
• RIP is not a very scalable routing protocol. When there are more than a few spokes it would be advisable to use route summarization to avoid huge RIP updates. Better yet, use BGP instead of RIP.
• It is assumed that spokes will not be used to transit other spoke traffic, for example: traffic from Chicago to Tokyo would not transit an existing Chicago to Hong Kong tunnel even though that has a shorter hop count than a route via New York and Shanghai.
• There is no facility to allow you to filter which traffic that transits the hub should trigger the message sent to the initiator suggesting it create a direct connection. Currently any and all traffic will trigger it.

 

BGP over dynamic IPsec

The following example shows how to create a dynamic IPsec VPN tunnel that allows BGP.

Configuring IPsec on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses and select create new Address.

Name	Remote_loop_int
Type	Subnet
Subnet/IP Range	10.10.10.10
Interface	any

2. Create an Address Group.

Group Name	VPN_DST
Show in Address List	enable
Members	Remote_loop_int all

3. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console widget.
4. Create phase 1:

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface

edit Dialup

set type dynamic set interface wan1 set mode aggressive set peertype one set mode-cfg enable set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1 set peerid dial set assign-ip disable set psksecret

next

end

5. Create phase 2:

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface

edit dial_p2

set phase1name Dialup set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1 set src-addr-type name set dst-addr-type name set src-name all set dst-name VPN_DST

next

end

Configuring BGP on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Network > Interfaces and create a Loopback interface.
2. Set IP/Network Mask to 20.20.20/255.255.255.255.
3. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console widget.
4. Create a BGP route.

config router bgp set as 100 set router-id 1.1.1.1 config neighbor edit 10.10.10.10 set ebgp-enforce-multihop enable set remote-as 200 set update-source loop

next

end

config redistribute connected set status enable

end

end

Adding policies on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing BGP traffic from Dialup to loop interfaces. 2. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing BGP traffic from loop to Dialup interfaces.

Configuring IPsec on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console widget.
2. Create phase 1:

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit Dialup set interface wan1 set mode aggressive set mode-cfg enable

set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1 set localid dial set remote-gw 172.20.120.22 set assign-ip disable set psksecret

next

end

3. Create phase 2:

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface edit dial_p2 set phase1name Dialup set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1 set keepalive enable next

end

Configuring BGP on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Network > Interfaces and create a Loopback interface.
2. Set IP/Network Mask to 10.10.10/255.255.255.255.
3. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console
4. Create a BGP route.

config router bgp set as 200 set router-id 1.1.1.2 config neighbor edit 20.20.20.20 set ebgp-enforce-multihop enable set remote-as 100 set update-source loop

next

end

config redistribute connected set status enable

end

end

Adding policies on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing BGP traffic from Dialup to loop
2. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing BGP traffic from loop to Dialup

Adding a static route on FortiGate 2

Go to Network > Static Routes and add a route to the remote Loopback interface via Dialup interface.

Destination IP/Mask	20.20.20.20/255.255.255.255
Device	Dialup
Administrative Distance	10

Verifying the tunnel is up

Go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor to verify that the tunnel is Up.

Results

1. From FortiGate 1, go to Monitor > Routing Monitor and verify that routes from FortiGate 2 were successfully advertised to FortiGate 1 via BGP.
2. From FortiGate 1, go to Dashboard.
3. Enter the CLI Console widget and type this command to verify BGP neighbors:

get router info bgp summary

4. From FortiGate 2, go to Monitor > Routing Monitor and verify that routes from FortiGate 1 were successfully advertised to FortiGate 2 via BGP.
5. From FortiGate 2, go to Dashboard.
6. Enter the CLI Console widget and type this command to verify BGP neighbors:

get router info bgp summary

OSPF over dynamic IPsec

The following example shows how to create a dynamic IPsec VPN tunnel that allows OSPF.

Configuring IPsec on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console widget
2. Create phase 1:

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit “dial-up”

set type dynamic set interface “wan1” set mode-cfg enable set proposal 3des-sha1 set add-route disable set ipv4-start-ip 10.10.101.0 set ipv4-end-ip 10.10.101.255 set psksecret

next

end

3. Create phase 2:

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface edit “dial-up-p2”

set phase1name “dial-up” set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1

next

end

Configuring OSPF on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console
2. Create OSPF route.

config router ospf set router-id 172.20.120.22

config area

edit 0.0.0.0 next

end config network

edit 1 set prefix 10.10.101.0 255.255.255.0

next

end

config redistribute “connected”

set status enable

end

config redistribute “static”

set status enable

end

end

Adding policies on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing OSPF traffic from dial-up to port5.
2. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing OSPF traffic from port5 to dial-up

Configuring IPsec on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console widget
2. Create phase 1:

config vpn ipsec phase1-interface edit “dial-up-client” set interface “wan1” set mode-cfg enable set proposal 3des-sha1 set add-route disable set remote-gw 172.20.120.22 set psksecret

next

end

3. Create phase 2:

config vpn ipsec phase2-interface edit “dial-up-client” set phase1name “dial-up-client” set proposal 3des-sha1 aes128-sha1 set auto-negotiate enable

next

end

Configuring OSPF on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Dashboard and enter the CLI Console
2. Create OSPF route.

config router ospf set router-id 172.20.120.15 config area edit 0.0.0.0 next

end config network edit 1 set prefix 10.10.101.0 255.255.255.0

next

end

config redistribute “connected” set status enable

end

config redistribute “static” set status enable

end

end

Adding policies on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing OSPF traffic from dial-up-client to port5.
2. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create a policy allowing OSPF traffic from port5 to dial-up-client

Verifying the tunnel is up

Go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor to verify that the tunnel is Up.

Results

1. From FortiGate 1, go to Monitor > Routing Monitor and verify that routes from FortiGate 2 were successfully advertised to FortiGate 1 via OSPF.
2. From FortiGate 1, go to Dashboard. Enter the CLI Console widget and type this command to verify OSPF neighbors:

get router info ospf neighbor

OSPF process 0:

Neighbor      ID Pri State Dead Time     Address Interface

172.20.120.25 1 Full  /      – 00:00:34 10.10.101.1 dial-up_0

3. From FortiGate 2, go to Monitor > Routing Monitor and verify that routes from FortiGate 1 were successfully advertised to FortiGate 2 via OSPF.
4. From FortiGate 2, go to Dashboard. Enter the CLI Console widget and type this command to verify OSPF neighbors:

get router info ospf neighbor

OSPF process 0:

Neighbor      ID Pri State Dead Time     Address     Interface

172.20.120.22 1 Full  /      – 00:00:30 10.10.101.2 dial-up_client

 

Redundant OSPF routing over IPsec

This example sets up redundant secure communication between two remote networks using an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) VPN connection. In this example, the HQ FortiGate unit will be called FortiGate 1 and the Branch FortiGate unit will be called FortiGate 2.

The steps include:

1. Creating redundant IPsec tunnels on FortiGate 1.
2. Configuring IP addresses and OSPF on FortiGate 1.
3. Configuring firewall addresses on FortiGate 1.
4. Configuring security policies on FortiGate 1.
5. Creating redundant IPsec tunnels for FortiGate 2.
6. Configuring IP addresses and OSPF on FortiGate 2.
7. Configuring firewall addresses on FortiGate 2.
8. Configuring security policies on FortiGate 2.

Creating redundant IPsec tunnels on FortiGate 1

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels.
2. Select Create New, name the primary tunnel and select Custom VPN Tunnel (No Template).
3. Set the following:

Remote Gateway	Static IP Address
IP Address	FortiGate 2’s wan1 IP
Local Interface	wan1 (the primary Internet-facing interface)
Pre-shared Key	Enter

4. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels.
5. Select Create New, name the secondary tunnel and select Custom VPN Tunnel (No Template).
6. Set the following:

Remote Gateway	Static IP Address
IP Address	FortiGate 2’s wan2 IP
Local Interface	wan2 (the secondary Internet-facing interface)
Pre-shared Key	Enter

Configuring IP addresses and OSPF on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Network > Interfaces.
2. Select the arrow for wan1 to expand the list.
3. Edit the primary tunnel interface and create IP addresses.

IP		10.1.1.1
Remote IP		10.1.1.2

4. Select the arrow for wan2 to expand the list.
5. Edit the secondary tunnel interface and create IP addresses.

IP	10.2.1.1
Remote IP	10.2.1.2

6. Go to Network > OSPF and enter the Router ID for FortiGate 1.
7. Select Create New in the Area
8. Add the backbone area of 0.0.0.
9. Select Create New in the Networks
10. Create the networks and select Area 0.0.0.0 for each one.
11. Select Create New in the Interfaces
12. Create primary and secondary tunnel interfaces.
13. Set a Cost of 10 for the primary interface and 100 for the secondary interface.

Configuring firewall addresses on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
2. Create/Edit the subnets behind FortiGate 1 and FortiGate 2.
3. Create/Edit the primary and secondary interfaces of FortiGate 2.

Configuring security policies on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
2. Create the four security policies required for both FortiGate 1’s primary and secondary interfaces to connect to FortiGate 2’s primary and secondary interfaces.

Creating redundant IPsec tunnels on FortiGate 2

1. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels.
2. Select Create New, name the primary tunnel and select Custom VPN Tunnel (No Template).
3. Set the following:

Remote Gateway		Static IP Address
IP Address		FortiGate 1’s wan1 IP
Local Interface		wan1 (the primary Internet-facing interface)
Pre-shared Key		Enter

 

4. Go to VPN > IPsec Tunnels.
5. Select Create New, name the secondary tunnel and select Custom VPN Tunnel (No Template).
6. Set the following:

Remote Gateway	Static IP Address
IP Address	FortiGate 1’s wan1 IP
Local Interface	wan2 (the secondary Internet-facing interface)
Pre-shared Key	Enter

Configuring IP addresses and OSPF on FortiGate 1

1. Go to Network > Interfaces.
2. Select the arrow for wan1 to expand the list.
3. Edit the primary tunnel interface and create IP addresses.

IP		10.1.1.2
Remote IP		10.1.1.1

4. Select the arrow for wan2 to expand the list.
5. Edit the secondary tunnel interface and create IP addresses.

IP	10.2.1.2
Remote IP	10.2.1.1

6. Go to Network > OSPF and enter the Router ID for FortiGate 2.
7. Select Create New in the Area
8. Add the backbone area of 0.0.0.
9. Select Create New in the Networks
10. Create the networks and select Area 0.0.0.0 for each one.
11. Select Create New in the Interfaces
12. Create primary and secondary tunnel interfaces.
13. Set a Cost of 10 for the primary interface and 100 for the secondary interface.

Configuring firewall addresses on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
2. Create/Edit the subnets behind FortiGate 1 and FortiGate 2.
3. Create/Edit the primary and secondary interfaces of FortiGate 2.

Redundant OSPF routing over

Configuring security policies on FortiGate 2

1. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
2. Create the four security policies required for both FortiGate 2’s primary and secondary interfaces to connect to FortiGate 1’s primary and secondary interfaces.

Results

1. Go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor to verify the statuses of both the primary and secondary IPsec VPN tunnels on FortiGate 1 and FortiGate 2.
2. Go to Monitor > Routing Monitor. Monitor to verify the routing table on FortiGate 1 and FortiGate 2. Type OSPF for the Type and select Apply Filter to verify the OSPF route.
3. Verify that traffic flows via the primary tunnel:
   • From a PC1 set to IP:10.20.1.100 behind FortiGate 1, run a tracert to a PC2 set to IP address 10.21.1.00 behind FortiGate 2 and vise versa.
   • From PC1, you should see that the traffic goes through 10.1.1.2 which is the primary tunnel interface IP set on FortiGate 2.
   • From PC2, you should see the traffic goes through 10.1.1.1 which is the primary tunnel interface IP set on FortiGate 1.
4. The VPN network between the two OSPF networks uses the primary VPN connection. Disconnect the wan1 interface and confirm that the secondary tunnel will be used automatically to maintain a secure connection.
5. Verify the IPsec VPN tunnel statuses on FortiGate 1 and FortiGate 2. Both FortiGates should show that primary tunnel is DOWN and secondary tunnel is UP.
6. Go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor to verify the status.
7. Verify the routing table on FortiGate 1 and FortiGate 2.

The secondary OSPF route (with cost = 100) appears on both FortiGate units.

8. Go to Monitor > Routing Monitor. Type OSPF for the Type and select Apply Filter to verify OSPF route.
9. Verify that traffic flows via the secondary tunnel:
   • From a PC1 set to IP:10.20.1.100 behind FortiGate 1, run a tracert to a PC2 set to IP:10.21.1.100 behind FortiGate 2 and vice versa.
   • From PC1, you should see that the traffic goes through 10.2.1.2 which is the secondary tunnel interface IP set on FortiGate 2.
   • From PC2, you should see the traffic goes through 10.2.1.1 which is the secondary tunnel interface IP set on FortiGate 1.

 

Protecting OSPF with IPsec

For enhanced security, OSPF dynamic routing can be carried over IPsec VPN links.

The following topics are included in this section:

Configuration overview

This chapter shows an example of OSPF routing conducted over an IPsec tunnel between two FortiGate units. The network shown below is a single OSPF area. FortiGate_1 is an Area border router that advertises a static route to 10.22.10.0/24 in OSPF. FortiGate_2 advertises its local LAN as an OSPF internal route.

OSPF over an IPsec VPN tunnel

The section Configuration overview describes the configuration with only one IPsec VPN tunnel, tunnel_wan1. Then, the section Configuration overview describes how you can add a second tunnel to provide a redundant backup path. This is shown above as VPN tunnel “tunnel_wan2”.

Only the parts of the configuration concerned with creating the IPsec tunnel and integrating it into the OSPF network are described. It is assumed that security policies are already in place to allow traffic to flow between the interfaces on each FortiGate unit.

OSPF over IPsec configuration

There are several steps to the OSPF-over-IPsec configuration:

• Configure a route-based IPsec VPN on an external interface. It will connect to a corresponding interface on the other FortiGate unit. Define the two tunnel-end addresses.
• Configure a static route to the other FortiGate unit.
• Configure the tunnel network as part of the OSPF network and define the virtual IPsec interface as an OSPF interface.

This section describes the configuration with only one VPN, tunnel_wan1. The other VPN is added in the section Configuration overview on page 196.

Configuring the IPsec VPN

A route-based VPN is required. In this chapter, preshared key authentication is shown. Certificate authentication is also possible. Both FortiGate units need this configuration.

Configuring Phase 1

1. Define the Phase 1 configuration needed to establish a secure connection with the other FortiGate unit. For more information, see Phase 1 parameters on page 46. Enter these settings in particular:

Name	Enter a name to identify the VPN tunnel, tunnel_wan1 for example. This becomes the name of the virtual IPsec interface.
Remote Gateway	Select Static IP Address.
IP Address	Enter the IP address of the other FortiGate unit’s public (Port 2) interface.
Local Interface	Select this FortiGate unit’s public (Port 2) interface.
Mode	Select Main (ID Protection).
Authentication Method	Preshared Key
Pre-shared Key	Enter the preshared key. It must match the preshared key on the other FortiGate unit.
Advanced	Select Advanced.

Assigning the tunnel end IP addresses

1. Go to Network > Interfaces, select the virtual IPsec interface that you just created on Port 2 and select Edit.
2. In the IP and Remote IP fields, enter the following tunnel end addresses:

	FortiGate_1	FortiGate_2
IP	10.1.1.1	10.1.1.2
Remote_IP	10.1.1.2	10.1.1.1

These addresses are from a network that is not used for anything else.

Configuring Phase 2

1. Enter a name to identify this Phase 2 configuration, twan1_p2, for example.
2. Select the name of the Phase 1 configuration that you defined in Step “Configuration overview” on page 196, tunnel_wan1 for example.

Configuring static routing

You need to define the route for traffic leaving the external interface.

1. Go to Network > Static Routes, select Create New.
2. Enter the following information.

Destination IP/Mask	Leave as 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.
Device	Select the external interface.
Gateway	Enter the IP address of the next hop router.

Configuring OSPF

This section does not attempt to explain OSPF router configuration. It focusses on the integration of the IPsec tunnel into the OSPF network. This is accomplished by assigning the tunnel as an OSPF interface, creating an OSPF route to the other FortiGate unit.

This configuration uses loopback interfaces to ease OSPF troubleshooting. The OSPF router ID is set to the loopback interface address.The loopback interface ensures the router is always up. Even though technically the router ID doesn’t have to match a valid IP address on the FortiGate unit, having an IP that matches the router ID makes troubleshooting a lot easier.

The two FortiGate units have slightly different configurations. FortiGate_1 is an AS border router that advertises its static default route. FortiGate_2 advertises its local LAN as an OSPF internal route.

Setting the router ID for each FortiGate unit to the lowest possible value is useful if you want the FortiGate units to be the designated router (DR) for their respective ASes. This is the router that broadcasts the updates for the AS.

Leaving the IP address on the OSPF interface at 0.0.0.0 indicates that all potential routes will be advertised, and it will not be limited to any specific subnet. For example if this IP address was 10.1.0.0, then only routes that match that subnet will be advertised through this interface in OSPF.

FortiGate_1 OSPF configuration

When configuring FortiGate_1 for OSPF, the loopback interface is created, and then you configure OSPF area networks and interfaces.

With the exception of creating the loopback interface, OSPF for this example can all be configured in either the web-based manager or CLI.

Creating the loopback interface

A loopback interface can be configured in the CLI only. For example, if the interface will have an IP address of 10.0.0.1, you would enter:

config system interface edit lback1 set vdom root set ip 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 set type loopback

end

The loopback addresses and corresponding router IDs on the two FortiGate units must be different. For example, set the FortiGate 1 loopback to 10.0.0.1 and the FortiGate 2 loopback to 10.0.0.2.

Configuring OSPF area, networks, and interfaces – web-based manager

1. On FortiGate_1, go to Network > OSPF.
2. Enter the following information to define the router, area, and interface information.

Router ID	Enter 10.0.0.1. Select Apply before entering the remaining information.
Advanced Options
Redistribute	Select the Connected and Static check boxes. Use their default metric values.
Areas	Select Create New, enter the Area and Type and then select OK.
Area	0.0.0.0
Type	Regular
Interfaces	Enter a name for the OSPF interface, ospf_wan1 for example.
Name
Interface	Select the virtual IPsec interface, tunnel_wan1.
IP	0.0.0.0

3. For Networks, select Create New.
4. Enter the IP/Netmask of 1.1.0/255.255.255.0 and an Area of 0.0.0.0.
5. For Networks, select Create New.
6. Enter the IP/Netmask of 0.0.1/255.255.255.0 and an Area of 0.0.0.0.
7. Select Apply.

Configuring OSPF area and interfaces – CLI

Your loopback interface is 10.0.0.1, your tunnel ends are on the 10.1.1.0/24 network, and your virtual IPsec interface is named tunnel_wan1. Enter the following CLI commands:

config router ospf set router-id 10.0.0.1 config area edit 0.0.0.0

end config network

edit 4 set prefix 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0

next edit 2 set prefix 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255

end

config ospf-interface edit ospf_wan1

set cost 10 set interface tunnel_wan1 set network-type point-to-point

end

config redistribute connected set status enable

end

config redistribute static set status enable

end

end

FortiGate_2 OSPF configuration

When configuring FortiGate_2 for OSPF, the loopback interface is created, and then you configure OSPF area networks and interfaces.

Configuring FortiGate_2 differs from FortiGate_1 in that three interfaces are defined instead of two. The third interface is the local LAN that will be advertised into OSPF.

With the exception of creating the loopback interface, OSPF for this example can all be configured in either the web-based manager or CLI.

Creating the loopback interface

A loopback interface can be configured in the CLI only. For example, if the interface will have an IP address of 10.0.0.2, you would enter:

config system interface edit lback1 set vdom root

set ip 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.255 set type loopback

end

The loopback addresses on the two FortiGate units must be different. For example, set the FortiGate 1 loopback to 10.0.0.1 and the FortiGate 2 loopback to 10.0.0.2.

Configuring OSPF area and interfaces – web-based manager

1. On FortiGate_2, go to Network > OSPF.
2. Complete the following.

Router ID		10.0.0.2
Areas		Select Create New, enter the Area and Type and then select OK.
Area		0.0.0.0
Type		Regular
Interfaces
Name		Enter a name for the OSPF interface, ospf_wan1 for example.
Interface		Select the virtual IPsec interface, tunnel_wan1.
IP		0.0.0.0

3. For Networks, select Create New.
4. Enter the following information for the loopback interface:

IP/Netmask		10.0.0.2/255.255.255.255
Area		0.0.0.0

5. For Networks, select Create New.
6. Enter the following information for the tunnel interface:

IP/Netmask		10.1.1.0/255.255.255.255
Area		0.0.0.0

7. For Networks, select Create New.
8. Enter the following information for the local LAN interface:

IP/Netmask	10.31.101.0/255.255.255.255
Area	0.0.0.0

9. Select Apply.

Configuring OSPF area and interfaces – CLI

If for example, your loopback interface is 10.0.0.2, your tunnel ends are on the 10.1.1.0/24 network, your local LAN is 10.31.101.0/24, and your virtual IPsec interface is named tunnel_wan1, you would enter:

config router ospf set router-id 10.0.0.2 config area edit 0.0.0.0

end config network

edit 1 set prefix 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 next

 

Creating a redundant configuration

edit 2 set prefix 10.31.101.0 255.255.255.0

next edit 2 set prefix 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.255

end

config ospf-interface edit ospf_wan1 set interface tunnel_wan1 set network-type point-to-point

end

end

Creating a redundant configuration

You can improve the reliability of the OSPF over IPsec configuration described in the previous section by adding a second IPsec tunnel to use if the default one goes down. Redundancy in this case is not controlled by the IPsec VPN configuration but by the OSPF routing protocol.

To do this you:

• Create a second route-based IPsec tunnel on a different interface and define tunnel end addresses for it.
• Add the tunnel network as part of the OSPF network and define the virtual IPsec interface as an additional OSPF interface. l Set the OSPF cost for the added OSPF interface to be significantly higher than the cost of the default route.

Adding the second IPsec tunnel

The configuration is the same as in Configuring the IPsec VPN on page 197, but the interface and addresses will be different. Ideally, the network interface you use is connected to a different Internet service provider for added redundancy.

When adding the second tunnel to the OSPF network, choose another unused subnet for the tunnel ends, 10.1.2.1 and 10.1.2.2 for example.

Adding the OSPF interface

OSPF uses the metric called cost when determining the best route, with lower costs being preferred. Up to now in this example, only the default cost of 10 has been used. Cost can be set only in the CLI.

The new IPsec tunnel will have its OSPF cost set higher than that of the default tunnel to ensure that it is only used if the first tunnel goes down. The new tunnel could be set to a cost of 200 compared to the default cost is 10. Such a large difference in cost will ensure this new tunnel will only be used as a last resort.

If the new tunnel is called tunnel_wan2, you would enter the following on both FortiGate units:

config router ospf config ospf-interface edit ospf_wan2 set cost 200 set interface tunnel_wan2 set network-type point-to-point end

Creating a redundant

end