Using remote WLAN FortiAPs

Remote WLAN FortiAP models enable you to provide a pre-configured WiFi access point to a remote or traveling employee. Once plugged in at home or in a hotel room, the FortiAP automatically discovers the enterprise FortiGate WiFi controller over the Internet and broadcasts the same wireless SSID used in the corporate office. Communication between the WiFi controller and the FortiAP is secure, eliminating the need for a VPN.

Split tunneling

By default, all traffic from the remote FortiAP is sent to the FortiGate WiFi controller. If split tunneling is configured, only traffic destined for the corporate office networks is routed to the FortiGate. Other general Internet traffic is routed unencrypted through the local gateway. Split tunneling avoids loading the FortiGate with unnecessary traffic and allows direct access to local private networks at the location of the FortiAP even if the connection to the WiFi controller goes down.

By default, split tunneling options are not visible in the FortiGate GUI. You can make these options visible using the following CLI command:

config system settings set gui-fortiap-split-tunneling enable

end

Split tunneling is configured in Managed FortiAPs, FortiAP Profiles, and enabled in the SSID.

Configuring the FortiGate for remote FortiAPs

This section assumes that you have already defined SSIDs and now want to make them available to remote FortiAPs.

• Create FortiAP profiles for the Remote LAN FortiAP models l If split tunneling will be used l configure override split tunneling in Managed FortiAPs l enable Split Tunneling in the SSID
• configure the split tunnel networks in the FortiAP profile

Override Split tunneling

Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and edit your managed APs. When preconfiguring the AP to connect to your FortiGate WiFi controller, you can choose to override split tunneling, optionally including the local subnet of the FortiAP.

Creating FortiAP profiles

If you were not already using Remote LAN FortiAP models, you will need to create FortiAP profiles for them. In the FortiAP profile, you specify the SSIDs that the FortiAP will broadcast. For more information, see “Creating a FortiAP profile” on page 34.

Configuring the FortiGate for remote FortiAPs                                                                Using remote WLAN FortiAPs

Configuring split tunneling – FortiGate GUI

Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSID and edit your SSID. In the WiFi Settings section, enable Split Tunneling.

Go to WiFi Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the FortiAP Profile(s) that apply to the AP types used in the WiFi network. In the Split Tunneling section, enable Include Local Subnet and Split Tunneling Subnet(s), where you can enter a list all of the destination IP address ranges that should not be routed through the the FortiGate WiFi controller. Packets for these destinations will instead be routed through the remote gateway local to the FortiAP.

The list of split tunneling subnets includes public Internet destinations and private subnets local to the FortiAP. Split tunneling public Internet destinations reduces traffic through the FortiGate unit. Split tunneling local private subnets allows these networks to be accessible to the client behind the FortiAP. Otherwise, private network IP destinations are assumed to be behind the FortiGate WiFi controller.

Configuring split tunneling – FortiGate CLI

In this example, split tunneling is configured on the example-ssid WiFi network. On FortiAP model 21D, traffic destined for the 192.168.x.x range will not be routed through the FortiGate WiFi controller. This private IP address range is typically used as a LAN by home routers.

config wireless-controller vap edit example-ssid set split-tunneling enable

end

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP21D-default set split-tunneling-acl-local-ap-subnet enable config split-tunneling-acl edit 1 set dest-ip 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0

end

end

To enter multiple subnets, create a split-tunneling-acl entry for each one.

Overriding the split tunneling settings on a FortiAP

If the FortiAP Profile split tunneling settings are not appropriate for a particular FortiAP, you can override the settings on that unit.

config wireless-controller wtp edit FAP321C3X14019926 set override-split-tunnel enable

set split-tunneling-acl-local-ap-subnet enable config split-tunneling-acl edit 1 set dest-ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0

end end

Using remote WLAN FortiAPs                                                                                        Configuring the FortiAP units

Configuring the FortiAP units

Prior to providing a Remote WLAN FortiAP unit to an employee, you need to preconfigure the AP to connect to your FortiGate WiFi controller.

To pre-configure a FortiAP

1. Connect the FortiAP to the FortiGate unit.
2. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and wait for the FortiAP to be listed. Click Refresh periodically to see the latest information. Note the Connected Via IP address.
3. Go to Dashboard. In the CLI Console, log into the FortiAP CLI. For example, if the IP address is 192.168.1.4, enter:

exec telnet 192.168.1.4

Enter admin at the login prompt. By default, no password is set.

4. Enter the following commands to set the FortiGate WiFi controller IP address. This should be the FortiGate Internet-facing IP address, in this example 172.20.120.142.

cfg -a AC_IPADDR_1=172.20.120.142 cfg -c

5. Enter exit to log out of the FortiAP CLI.

Preauthorizing FortiAP units

By preauthorizing FortiAP units, you facilitate their automatic authorization on the network. Also, you can assign each unit a unique name, such as the employee’s name, for easier tracking.

1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and create a new entry.
2. Enter the Serial Number of the FortiAP unit and give it a Name. Select the appropriate FortiAP Profile.
3. Click OK.

Repeat this process for each FortiAP.

Features for high-density deployments

High-density environments such as auditoriums, classrooms, and meeting rooms present a challenge to WiFi providers. When a large number of mobile devices try to connect to a WiFi network, difficulties arise because of the limited number of radio channels and interference between devices.

FortiOS and FortiAP devices provide several tools to mitigate the difficulties of high-density environments.

Multiple FortiAP firmware upgrades at once

Administrators can configure multiple FortiAP and FortiSwitch firmware upgrades to occur in one click (under

WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs), removing the need to upgrade each device one at a time.

Power save feature

Occasionally, voice calls can become disrupted. One way to alleviate this issue is by controlling the power save feature, or to disable it altogether.

Manually configure packet transmit optimization settings by entering the following command:

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> config <radio-1> | <radio-2> set transmit-optimize {disable | power-save | aggr-limit | retry-limit | sendbar}

l disable: Disable transmit optimization. l power-save: Mark a client as power save mode if excessive transmit retries happen. l aggr-limit: Set aggregation limit to a lower value when data rate is low. l retry-limit: Set software retry limit to a lower value when data rate is low. l send-bar: Do not send BAR frame too often.

11n radio powersave optimization

The following powersave-optimize parameters (under config radio) are used for 11n radios to optimize system performance for specific situations.

• tim: Set traffic indication map (TIM) bit for client in power save mode. TIM bit mask indicates to any sleeping listening stations if the AP has any buffered frames present. If enabled, the AP will always indicate to the connected client that there is a packet waiting in the AP, so it will help to prevent the client from entering a sleep state.
• ac-vo: Use Access Category (AC) Voice (VO) priority to send packets in the power save queue. AC VO is one of the highest classes/priority levels used to ensure quality of service (QoS). If enabled, when a client returns from a sleep state, the AP will send its buffered packet using a higher priority queue, instead of the normal priority queue.
• no-obss-scan: Do not put Overlapping Basic Service Set (OBSS), or high-noise (i.e. non-802.11), scan IE into a Beacon or Probe Response frame.
• no-11b-rate: Do not send frame using 11b data rate.

 

Broadcast packet suppression

• client-rate-follow: Adapt transmitting PHY rate with receiving PHY rate from client. If enabled, the AP will integrate the current client’s transmission PHY rate into its rate adaptation algorithm for transmitting.

Broadcast packet suppression

Broadcast packets are sent at a low data rate in WiFi networks, consuming valuable air time. Some broadcast packets are unnecessary or even potentially detrimental to the network and should be suppressed.

ARP requests and replies could allow clients to discover each other’s IP addresses. On most WiFi networks, intraclient communication is not allowed, so these ARP requests are of no use, but they occupy air time.

DHCP (upstream) should be allowed so that clients can request an IP address using DHCP.

DHCP (downstream) should be suppressed because it would allow a client to provide DHCP service to other clients. Only the AP should do this.

NetBIOS is a Microsoft Windows protocol for intra-application communication. Usually this is not required in highdensity deployments.

IPv6 broadcast packets can be suppressed if your network uses IPv4 addressing.

You can configure broadcast packet suppression in the CLI. The following options are available for broadcast suppression:

config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set broadcast-suppression {dhcp-up | dhcp-down | dhcp-starvation | arp-known | arpunknown | arp-reply | arp-poison | arp-proxy | netbios-ns | netbios-ds | ipv6 | all-other-mc | all-other-bc}

end

dhcp-starvation helps prevent clients from depleting the DHCP address pool by making multiple requests. arp-poison helps prevent clients from spoofing ARP messages.

Because of all these specific multicast and broadcast packet types, the two options all-other-mc and allother-bc help suppress multicast (mc) and broadcast (bc) packets that are not covered by any of the specific options.

Multicast to unicast conversion

Multicast data such as streaming audio or video are sent at a low data rate in WiFi networks. This causes them to occupy considerable air time. FortiOS provides a multicast enhancement option that converts multicast streams to unicast. A unicast stream is sent to each client at high data rate that makes more efficient use of air time. You can configure multicast-to-unicast conversion in the CLI:

config wireless-controller vap edit <vap_name> set multicast-enhance enable end

Ignore weak or distant clients

Ignore weak or distant clients

Clients beyond the intended coverage area can have some impact on your high-density network. Your APs will respond to these clients’ probe signals, consuming valuable air time. You can configure your WiFi network to ignore weak signals that most likely come from beyond the intended coverage area. The settings are available in the CLI:

config wireless-controller vap edit <vap_name> set probe-resp-suppression enable set probe-resp-threshold <level_int>

end vap_name is the SSID name.

probe-resp-threshold is the signal strength in dBm below which the client is ignored. The range is -95 to 20dBm. The default level is -80dBm.

Turn off 802.11b protocol

By disabling support for the obsolete 802.11b protocol, you can reduce the air time that data frames occupy. These signals will now be sent at a minimum of 6Mbps, instead of 1Mbps. You can set this for each radio in the FortiAP profile, using the CLI:

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name_string> config radio-1 set powersave-optimize no-11b-rate

end

Disable low data rates

Each of the 802.11 protocols supports several data rates. By disabling the lowest rates, air time is conserved, allowing the channel to serve more users. You can set the available rates for each 802.11 protocol: a, b, g, n, ac. Data rates set as Basic are mandatory for clients to support. Other specified rates are supported.

The 802.11 a, b, and g protocols are specified by data rate. 802.11a can support 6,9,12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54

Mb/s. 802.11b/g can support 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9,12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mb/s. Basic rates are specified with the suffix “basic”, “12-basic” for example. The capabilities of expected client devices need to be considered when deciding the lowest Basic rate.

The 802.11n and ac protocols are specified by the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) Index and the number of spatial streams.

• 11n with 1 or 2 spatial streams can support mcs0/1, mcs1/1, mcs2/1, mcs3/1, mcs4/1, mcs5/1, mcs6/1, mcs7/1,mcs8/2,mcs9/2, mcs10/2, mcs11/2, mcs12/2, mcs13/2, mcs14/2, mcs15/2.
• 11n with 3 or 4 spatial streams can support mcs16/3, mcs17/3, mcs18/3, mcs19/3, mcs20/3, mcs21/3, mcs22/3, mcs23/3, mcs24/4, mcs25/4, mcs26/4, mcs27/4, mcs28/4, mcs29/4, mcs30/4, mcs31/4.

Limit power

• 11ac with 1 or 2 spatial streams can support mcs0/1, mcs1/1, mcs2/1, mcs3/1, mcs4/1, mcs5/1, mcs6/1, mcs7/1, mcs8/1, mcs9/1, mcs0/2, mcs1/2, mcs2/2, mcs3/2, mcs4/2, mcs5/2, mcs6/2, mcs7/2, mcs8/2, mcs9/2.
• 11ac with 3 or 4 spatial streams can support mcs0/3, mcs1/3, mcs2/3, mcs3/3, mcs4/3, mcs5/3, mcs6/3, mcs7/3, mcs8/3, mcs9/3, mcs0/4, mcs1/4, mcs2/4, mcs3/4, mcs4/4, mcs5/4, mcs6/4, mcs7/4, mcs8/4, mcs9/4 Here are some examples of setting basic and supported rates.

config wireless-controller vap edit <vap_name> set rates-11a 12-basic 18 24 36 48 54 set rates-11bg 12-basic 18 24 36 48 54

set rates-11n-ss34 mcs16/3 mcs18/3 mcs20/3 mcs21/3 mcs22/3 mcs23/3 mcs24/4 mcs25/4 set rates-11ac-ss34 mcs0/3 mcs1/3 mcs2/3 mcs9/4 mcs9/3

end

Limit power

High-density deployments usually cover a small area that has many clients. Maximum AP signal power is usually not required. Reducing the power reduces interference between APs. Fortinet recommends that you use FortiAP automatic power control. You can set this in the FortiAP profile.

1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the profile for your AP model.
2. For each radio, enable Auto TX Power Control and set the TX Power Low and TX Power High The default range of 10 to 17dBm is recommended.

Use frequency band load-balancing

In a high-density environment is important to make the best use of the two WiFi bands, 2.4GHz and 5GHz. The 5GHz band has more non-overlapping channels and receives less interference from non-WiFi devices, but not all devices support it. Clients that are capable of 5GHz operation should be encouraged to use 5GHz rather than the 2.4GHz band.

To load-balance the WiFi bands, you enable Frequency Handoff in the FortiAP profile. In the FortiGate webbased manager, go to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the relevant profile. Or, you can use the CLI:

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP221C-default config radio-1 set frequency-handoff enable

end

The FortiGate wireless controller continuously performs a scan of all clients in the area and records their signal strength (RSSI) on each band. When Frequency Handoff is enabled, the AP does not reply to clients on the

2.4GHz band that have sufficient signal strength on the 5GHz band. These clients can associate only on the 5GHz band. Devices that support only 2.4GHz receive replies and associate with the AP on the 2.4GHz band.

Setting the handoff RSSI threshold

The FortiAP applies load balancing to a client only if the client has a sufficient signal level on 5GHz. The minimum signal strength threshold is set in the FortiAP profile, but is accessible only through the CLI:

AP load balancing

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP221C-default set handoff-rssi 25

end

handoff-rssi has a range of 20 to 30. RSSI is a relative measure. The higher the number, the stronger the signal.

AP load balancing

The performance of an AP is degraded if it attempts to serve too many clients. In high-density environments, multiple access points are deployed with some overlap in their coverage areas. The WiFi controller can manage the association of new clients with APs to prevent overloading.

To load-balance between APs, enable AP Handoff in the FortiAP profile. In the FortiGate web-based manager, go to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the relevant profile. Or, you can use the CLI:

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP221C-default config radio-1 set ap-handoff enable

end

When an AP exceeds the threshold (the default is 30 clients), the overloaded AP does not reply to a new client that has a sufficient signal at another AP.

Setting the AP load balance threshold

The thresholds for AP handoff are set in the FortiAP profile, but is accessible only through the CLI:

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP221C-default set handoff-sta-thresh 30 set handoff-rssi 25

end

handoff-sta-thresh sets the number of clients at which AP load balancing begins. It has a range of 5 to 35.

handoff-rssi Sets the minimum signal strength that a new client must have at an alternate AP for the overloaded AP to ignore the client. It has a range of 20 to 30. RSSI is a relative measure. The higher the number, the stronger the signal.

Application rate-limiting

To prevent particular application types from consuming too much bandwidth, you can use the FortiOS Application Control feature.

1. Go to Security Profiles > Application Control.

You can use the default profile or create a new one.

2. Click the category, select Traffic Shaping and then select the priority for the category.

Repeat for each category to be controlled.

3. Select Apply.
4. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and edit your WiFi security policy.

AP group management and dynamic VLAN assignment

5. In Security Profiles, set Application Control ON and select the security profile that you edited.
6. Select OK.

AP group management and dynamic VLAN assignment

The FortiGate can create FortiAP Groups, under WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs by selecting Create New > Managed AP Group, where multiple APs can be managed. AP grouping allows specific profile settings to be applied to many APs all at once that belong to a certain AP group, simplifying the administrative workload.

Note that each AP can only belong to one group.

In addition, VLANs can be assigned dynamically based on the group which an AP belongs. When defining an SSID, under WiFi & Switch Controller > SSID, a setting called VLAN Pooling can be enabled where you can either assign the VLAN ID of the AP group the device is connected to, to each device as it is detected, or to always assign the same VLAN ID to a specific device. Dynamic VLAN assignment allows the same SSID to be deployed to many APs, avoiding the need to produce multiple SSIDs.

Sharing tunnel SSIDs within a single managed AP between VDOMs as a virtual AP for multi-tenancy

This feature provides the ability to move a tunnel mode VAP into a VDOM, similar to an interface/VLAN in VDOMs. FortiAP is registered into the root VDOM.

Within a customer VDOM, customer VAPs can be created/added. In the root VDOM, the customer VAP can be added to the registered FortiAP. Any necessary firewall rules and interfaces can be configured between the two VDOMs.

Syntax

config wireless-controller global set wtp-share {enable | disable}

end

Manual quarantine of devices on FortiAP (tunnel mode)

Quarantined MAC addresses are blocked on the connected FortiAP from the network and the LAN. When a tunnel VAP is created, a sub-interface named wqtn is automatically created under tunnel interface. ThisThis subinterface is added under a software switch.

To quarantine an SSID, go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSID. Edit the SSID, and enable Quarantine Host is enabled under WiFi Settings.

Alternatively, this can be configured in the CLI Console. This feature consolidates previous CLI syntax for quarantining a host, so that the host does not need to be configured in multiple places (FortiAP and FortiSwitch). Host endpoints can be entered in a single place and the host will be quarantined throughout the access layer devices on the Fortinet Security Fabric.

Manual quarantine of devices on FortiAP (tunnel mode)

Syntax – SSID:

config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set quarantine {enable | disable}

next

end

Syntax – Software Switch, DHCP, and User Quarantine

config system switch-interface edit “wqt.root” set vdom “root” set member “wqtn.26.AV-Qtn”

next

end

config system dhcp server edit <id> set interface “AV-Qtn” config ip-range edit <id> set start-ip 10.111.0.2 set end-ip 10.111.0.254

next …

config user quarantine set quarantine {enable | disable}

end

To list stations in quarantine, use the following diagnose command:

diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c sta-qtn

Host quarantine per SSID

Upon creating or editing an SSID, a Quarantine Host option is available to enable (by default) or disable quarantining devices that are connected in Tunnel-mode. The option to quarantine a device is available on Topology and FortiView WiFi pages.

When a host is put into quarantine VLAN, it will get its IP from the quarantine VLAN’s DHCP server, and become part of the quarantined network.

Syntax

config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set quarantine {enable | disable}

next end

Locate a FortiAP with LED blinking

To list all stations in quarantine:

diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c sta-qtn

Locate a FortiAP with LED blinking

If you have an environment that contains numerous APs, and there is one AP that you need to frequently monitor, you can configure it to blink in the FortiCloud web portal. The blinking AP will be easier to locate.

To start or stop LED blinking of a managed FortiAP, using the GUI:

1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs.
2. Right-click in the row of the device you want to control.
3. In the dialog box, scroll down to LED Blink and select Start or Stop.

The following models support LED blink control through the GUI, operating on FortiAP software 6.0.1, or later:

• FortiAP-112D, 221C, 223C, 224D, 320C, 321C l FortiAP-S/W2

To start or stop LED blinking of a managed FortiAP, using the CLI:

execute wireless-controller led-blink <wtp-id> {on | on 10 | off}

The following models support LED blink control through the CLI, operating on FortiAP software 5.6.2, or later:

• FortiAP-112D, 221C, 223C, 224D, 320C, 321C l FortiAP-S/W2

Wireless controller optimization for large deployment – AP image upgrade

Using the CLI to upgrade FortiAP image is the preferred method especially for large deployments. Use the following execute command to upload the desired FortiAP image on the controller:

execute wireless-controller upload-wtp-image

After entering the command, reboot the FortiAP devices. This feature allows the administrator to configure all FortiAP devices to download the image from the controller at join time.

Syntax

config wireless-controller global set image-download {enable | disable}

end

To fine-tune this process, in order to deploy FortiAP image upgrades to a subset of devices for pilot testing, use the following command:

config wireless-controller wtp edit <name> set image-download {enable | disable} next

Control message off-loading and aeroscout enhancement

end

Control message off-loading and aeroscout enhancement

Users can configure control message off-loading to optimize performance. This is especially useful in environments where the AP count is around 300-350 (with a device count between 1500 and 3000), where existing users are disconnected and unable to reauthenticate due to high CPU usage. This feature includes aeroscout enhancements.

Syntax

config wireless-controller global set control-message-offload {evp-frame | areoscout-tag | ap-list | sta-list | sta-caplist | stats | aeroscout-mu}

end

config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> set control-message-offload {enable | disable} config lbs set ekahau-blink-mode {enable | disable} set aeroscout {enable | disable} set aeroscout-server-ip <address>

set aeroscount-server-port <UDP listening port> set aeroscout-mu {enable | disable}

end end