WAN optimization and HA

You can configure WAN optimization on a FortiGate HA cluster. The recommended HA configuration for WAN optimization is active-passive mode. Also, when the cluster is operating, all WAN optimization sessions are processed by the primary unit only. Even if the cluster is operating in active-active mode, HA does not load- balance WAN optimization sessions. HA also does not support WAN optimization session failover.

In a cluster, the primary unit only stores web cache and byte cache databases. These databases are not synchronized to the subordinate units. So, after a failover, the new primary unit must rebuild its web and byte caches. As well, the new primary unit cannot connect to a SAS partition that the failed primary unit used.

Rebuilding the byte caches can happen relatively quickly because the new primary unit gets byte cache data from the other FortiGate units that it is participating with in WAN optimization tunnels.

 

Failover and attached network equipment

It normally takes a cluster approximately 6 seconds to complete a failover. However, the actual failover time experienced by your network users may depend on how quickly the switches connected to the cluster interfaces accept the cluster MAC address update from the primary unit. If the switches do not recognize and accept the gratuitous ARP packets and update their MAC forwarding table, the failover time will increase.

Also, individual session failover depends on whether the cluster is operating in active-active or active-passive mode, and whether the content of the traffic is to be virus scanned. Depending on application behavior, it may take a TCP session a longer period of time (up to 30 seconds) to recover completely.

 

Monitoring cluster units for failover

You can use logging and SNMP to monitor cluster units for failover. Both the primary and subordinate units can be configured to write log messages and send SNMP traps if a failover occurs. You can also log into the cluster web-based manager and CLI to determine if a failover has occurred.

 

NAT/Route mode active-passive cluster packet flow

This section describes how packets are processed and how failover occurs in an active-passive HA cluster running in NAT/Route mode. In the example, the NAT/Route mode cluster acts as the internet firewall for a client computer’s internal network. The client computer’s default route points at the IP address of the cluster internal interface. The client connects to a web server on the Internet. Internet routing routes packets from the cluster external interface to the web server, and from the web server to the cluster external interface.

In an active-passive cluster operating in NAT/Route mode, four MAC addresses are involved in communication between the client and the web server when the primary unit processes the connection:

• Internal virtual MAC address (MAC_V_int) assigned to the primary unit internal interface,
• External virtual MAC address (MAC_V_ext) assigned to the primary unit external interface,
• Client MAC address (MAC_Client),
• Server MAC address (MAC_Server),

In NAT/Route mode, the HA cluster works as a gateway when it responds to ARP requests. Therefore, the client and server only know the gateway MAC addresses. The client only knows the cluster internal virtual MAC address (MAC_V_int) and the server only know the cluster external virtual MAC address (MAC_V_int).

 

NAT/Route mode active-passive packet flow

 

Packet flow from client to web server

1. The client computer requests a connection from 10.11.101.10 to 172.20.120.130.

2. The default route on the client computer recognizes 10.11.101.100 (the cluster IP address) as the gateway to the external network where the web server is located.

3. The client computer issues an ARP request to 10.11.101.100.

4. The primary unit intercepts the ARP request, and responds with the internal virtual MAC address (MAC_V_int) which corresponds to its IP address of 10.11.101.100.

5. The client’s request packet reaches the primary unit internal interface.

 

	IP address	MAC address
Source	10.11.101.10	MAC_Client
Destination	172.20.120.130	MAC_V_int

 

6. The primary unit processes the packet.

7. The primary unit forwards the packet from its external interface to the web server.

 

	IP address	MAC address
Source	172.20.120.141	MAC_V_ext
Destination	172.20.120.130	MAC_Server

 

8. The primary unit continues to process packets in this way unless a failover occurs.

 

Packet flow from web server to client

1. When the web server responds to the client’s packet, the cluster external interface IP address (172.20.120.141) is recognized as the gateway to the internal network.

2. The web server issues an ARP request to 172.20.120.141.

3. The primary unit intercepts the ARP request, and responds with the external virtual MAC address (MAC_V_ext) which corresponds its IP address of 172.20.120.141.

4. The web server then sends response packets to the primary unit external interface.

 

	IP address	MAC address
Source	172.20.120.130	MAC_Server
Destination	172.20.120.141	MAC_V_ext

 

5. The primary unit processes the packet.

6. The primary unit forwards the packet from its internal interface to the client.

 

	IP address	MAC address
Source	172.20.120.130	MAC_V_int
Destination	10.11.101.10	MAC_Client

 

7. The primary unit continues to process packets in this way unless a failover occurs.

 

When a failover occurs

The following steps are followed after a device or link failure of the primary unit causes a failover.

1. If the primary unit fails the subordinate unit becomes the primary unit.

2. The new primary unit changes the MAC addresses of all of its interfaces to the HA virtual MAC addresses.

The new primary unit has the same IP addresses and MAC addresses as the failed primary unit.

3. The new primary units sends gratuitous ARP packets from the internal interface to the 10.11.101.0 network to associate its internal IP address with the internal virtual MAC address.

4. The new primary units sends gratuitous ARP packets to the 172.20.120.0 to associate its external IP address with the external virtual MAC address.

5. Traffic sent to the cluster is now received and processed by the new primary unit.

If there were more than two cluster units in the original cluster, these remaining units would become subordinate units.